A growing literature suggests that juvenile arrests perpetuate offending and increase the likelihood of future arrests. Increased rearrest also may reflect differential law enforcement behavior. A current study show that first arrests increased the likelihood of both subsequent offending and subsequent arrest, through separate processes. AKIVA M. LIBERMAN, DAVID S. KIRK, KIDEUK KIM: LABELING EFFECTS OF FIRST JUVENILE ARRESTS: SECONDARY DEVIANCE AND SECONDARY SANCTIONING. Criminology 52, 3, 2014, p. 345–370